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What are adaptive sports and recreation programs??

Adaptive and accessible sports and recreation programs are recreational activities that are modified or designed to allow people with disabilities to participate. Almost any type of recreational activity can be adapted or made accessible for people with physical, visual, cognitive, or emotional disabilities.

Adaptive and accessible sports and recreation programs include a wide range of activities:

• indoor and outdoor
• cold weather and warm weather
• team and individual
• inclusive and disability-specific
• for children, for adults, for families
• for people with physical, intellectual, and/or emotional disabilities
• competitive and leisure
• Adaptive and accessible programs give children and adults with disabilities the freedom to participate in mainstream activities, to gain self-confidence, and to develop physical abilities and social skills.

Am I eligible?

Many adaptive and accessible sports and recreation programs are open to everyone. Open programs customize their activities to meet the needs of participants, regardless of the type of disability.

Some programs are disability-specific. Disability-specific programs may limit participation to people with certain types of impairments.

You should check with the programs that interest you to see if they have any restrictions.

How much does it cost?
Many adaptive and accessible sports and recreation programs are free, but some charge fees. Financial aid, scholarships, or sliding fee scales are usually available for families and individuals who need assistance.

You should check with the programs that interest you to see if they charge fees. If they do, ask about financial assistance if you need help paying.

What programs are offered in the state parks and recreation areas?
The Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) oversees the state's Universal Access Program. The Universal Access Program provides adaptive and/or accessible outdoor recreation programs for people of all abilities in state parks and recreation areas throughout Massachusetts.

Web site: Department of Conservation and Recreation's Universal Access Program
Parks and programs: Universal Access Brochure
Newsletter: Universal Access Program Newsletter, Registration Form, and Schedule
Schedule of events: Accessible Events

Activities vary from park to park. Programs include adaptive skating, skiing, sledding, and bicycling; accessible beaches with beach wheelchairs; sensory nature walks; accessible trails, fishing sites, camping, and boating; and adventure games. All of the state outdoor swimming pools have pool lifts for accessibility.

For information about specific activities, visit the following DCR web site pages:

?The DCR works together with nonprofit organizations to offer some of the state park adaptive recreation programs.

Where can I find adaptive sports and recreation programs?

The Massachusetts Universal Access Program offers a wide range of activities in state parks and recreation areas.

Other adaptive sports and accessible recreation programs in Massachusetts include:

(Note: For additional programs, see Directories below)

AccesSportAmerica
AccesSportAmerica, a national nonprofit organization based in Massachusetts, offers high-challenge sports and training programs for children and adults of all disabilities. Programs are offered year-round in the Greater Boston area. High-challenge sports include adaptive windsurfing, outrigger canoeing, surfing, water skiing, sailing, rowing, wall climbing, tennis, soccer, and cycling.

All Out Adventures
All Out Adventures is a nonprofit organization that provides year-round outdoor activities for people with disabilities and their friends and family. Programs are inclusive, allowing children and adults of all abilities to participate together. All Out Adventures runs programs for the state Universal Access Program and the Statewide Head Injury Program.

CHD Disability Resources Adaptive Sports and Activities
CHD Disability Resources' barrier-free sports and recreation programs are open to anyone with physical disabilities or visual impairments in the Springfield MA area. Adult and junior sports programs include sled hockey, swimming, cycling, golf, wheelchair basketball, soccer, and more. Adaptive sports equipment is available for borrowing for personal use.

Kids in Disability Sports (K.I.D.S.)
K.I.D.S. is a volunteer-run non-profit organization based in Lowell MA that provides a wide range of sports and recreation activities for children and young adults with special needs. K.I.D.S. specialized athletic programs serve families throughout the Merrimack Valley, and include team sports such as basketball, baseball, and soccer; as well as swimming, horseback riding, martial arts, golf, bowling, and many other activities.

Little League Baseball ? Challenger Division - Massachusetts
The Challenger Division is a special division of Little League baseball for boys and girls with physical and intellectual disabilities, ages 5 through 18 (or completion of high school). Players are placed on teams according to ability, not age, and volunteer ?buddies? help out as needed.n

Paralympics USA and Paralympic Sport Clubs
U.S. Paralympics is the division of the U.S. Olympic Committee for athletes with physical and visual disabilities. The U.S. Paralympic Team participates in the Paralympics, a competition for elite paralympic sport athletes, held at the same time and place as the Olympics.

Paralympic Sport Clubs are community-based programs where youth and adults with physical and visual disabilities can take part in paralympic sports regardless of skill level.

Special Olympics ? Massachusetts (SOMA)
The Massachusetts Special Olympics offers a wide range of Olympic-style individual and team sports and training for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. Activities are year-round, and include Winter Games, Summer Games, special tournaments, and training. The cost is free.

Sudbury Inclusive and Adaptive Sports and Recreation Program?

(not limited to Sudbury residents)
Sudbury's Adaptive Sports and Recreation Program provides year-round affordable recreation activities for children and adults with disabilities, regardless of hometown. Programs include adaptive skiing, skating, fencing, power soccer, yoga, Taekwondo, and dance. Scholarships are available.

TOPSoccer - Massachusetts Youth Soccer?

The Outreach Program for Soccer (TOPSoccer) is a community-based youth soccer program for children with physical or mental disabilities. Each program is different and is designed to meet the needs of its team members. The emphasis is on learning skills and having fun.

Ultimate Sports Program
The Ultimate Sports Program (USP) - "Social Inclusion Through Sports" - teaches sports to children with disabilities alongside their friends. The USP runs programs in various Western Massachusetts locations. All programs are free, and include swimming, basketball, sled hockey, baseball, Taekwondo, wiffleball, bowling, rock climbing, and more.

?
Directories
Other Massachusetts adaptive and accessible sports and recreation programs are listed in the following directories:

Sports and Recreation Directories
?DisabilityInfo.org

Playgrounds: Accessible and Inclusive Playgrounds
Boundless Playgrounds?
Accessible Playgrounds - Massachusetts
Accessible and inclusive playgrounds are barrier-free playgrounds where children and adults of all abilities can play together.

National Center on Physical Activity and Disability (NCPAD) - Massachusetts
Accessible Programs in Massachusetts
Programs are listed by town, or by keyword search. The NCPAD directory includes fitness programs, competitive and leisure sports, and other physical activities, with an emphasis on health benefits of physical activity.

Spinal Cord Injury Association - Greater Boston Chapter
Directory: Recreation and Sports for People with Disabilities
This directory of adaptive programs for youth and adults with spinal cord injuries includes outdoor activities, high-challenge sports, wheelchair basketball, quad rugby, and many other sports and physical activities.

Sports and Gyms, Winter and Summer Activities - Special Needs Resources for Massachusetts
?Sports and Gyms Posts - Summer Programming ? &? Winter Programming
Special Needs Resources for Massachusetts is an online resource for families of children with special needs, with a focus on autism resources in eastern Massachusetts. The Sports and Gyms, Summer Programming, and Winter Programming posts include a variety of current and seasonal sports and recreation programs.

Therapeutic Horsemanship: PATH centers
Directory: PATH: Find a Center
PATH Therapeutic Horsemanship centers offer equine assisted activities and therapies to help children and adults with a range of physical, cognitive, and emotional challenges. Activities include horseback riding, vaulting, and carriage driving. Financial assistance may be available.

Local YMCAs and ARC Chapters also offer adaptive and accessible recreation and sports programs for their members and the community.

?
What are the laws regarding adaptive and accessible sports and recreation?
The federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability. In Recreation Access Rights Under the ADA, the National Center on Accessibility outlines some of the rights created by the ADA with respect to sports and recreation:

• right to the most integrated setting: People with disabilities and those without disabilities should be able to participate in activities alongside each other to the maximum extent possible
• right to participate: People with disabilities should be able to take part in any type of activity available to people without disabilities, as long as all essential eligibility requirements are met
• right to reasonable accommodations including adaptive equipment: The provider of an activity must make reasonable adjustments to allow people with disabilities to participate
• right to an assessment or evaluation: People with disabilities should not be prohibited from an activity due to a perceived safety risk without an evaluation of actual risk after accommodations
• no disparate impact: Any change in rules or policies (for example, budget cuts) cannot have a greater impact on people with disabilities than people without disabilities
• same fees: People with disabilities cannot be charged more than people without disabilities for inclusive activities, whether or not special accommodations have been made
• no substantial public support for discriminatory programs: State and local governments cannot provide substantial support (e.g. free or reduced cost use of public facilities) to organizations that discriminate based on disability
• reasonable changes to rules and policies: If a rule or policy change does not fundamentally change the nature of an activity and allows people with disabilities to participate in that activity, then the rule change should be allowed. This includes allowing disability-related unusual behaviors that do not pose a direct threat to participants.

Exceptions to the ADA rules can be made in three cases: if the accommodation costs too much; if the accommodation is too difficult to make; or if the accommodation fundamentally changes the nature of the activity.

The ADA rules apply to government facilities and programs, nonprofit organizations (such as YMCAs), and private organizations (such as health clubs and gyms). The only exempt organizations are private membership clubs and religious organizations.

?To make a donation, please go to www.PVA.org.
?

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Source: http://newenglandmobilitydealer.blogspot.com/2013/04/adaptive-sports-and-accessible.html

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Johnny Depp & Amber Heard Romance Still On!

Johnny Depp & Amber Heard Romance Still On!

Johnny Depp and Amber Heard, who were rumored to have split after Amber went back to dating chicks, appear to still be dating after being spotted holding hands at a Rolling Stone show. The rumored couple attended the show at Hollywood?s Echoplex over the weekend, with the actor leading his girlfriend around backstage at the ...

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Source: http://stupidcelebrities.net/2013/04/johnny-depp-amber-heard-romance-still-on/

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World leaders love the Twitter

Bill Clinton gets a Twitter lesson from Stephen Colbert (AP/ABC OTUS News)

It?s not just celebrities who love Twitter: South American leaders, it turns out, heart to tweet. Some may even have gone overboard and with over sharing.

A Reuters story reports that when some 1 million protesters hit the streets to criticize the government of Argentina President Cristina Fernandez, she responded by posting 61 tweets over a nine-hour period.

According to the account, the posts from Fernandez ran the gamut, from declaring herself ?stubborn? to defending the benefits of a state-run literacy program, to admiring a fresco in her ?gorgeous? palace.

And over in Venezuela, the candidates vying to succeed the late Hugo Chavez had a war of words on Twitter. The eventual winner of the election, Nicolas Maduro, who had been handpicked by Chavez, tweeted that his opposition was ?fascist.? The losing candidate, Henrique Capriles, posted that Maduro was ?an illegitimate president.?

Chavez, who had had his own TV show, had also taken to tweeting. When he died he had 4 million followers.

Being out of office hasn?t quieted the former president of Colombia, ?lvaro Uribe, who has ruffled feathers for apparently sending out multiple tweets a day criticizing the current leader.

Over in France, public figures are only too aware of the impact a tweet can have. Valerie Trierweiler, the companion to the president of France, Francois Hollande, got in hot water for her impolitic post supporting the opponent of Hollande?s ex, who was running in a local election.

Maybe this explains former President Bill Clinton?s reluctance to try out the social medium. He only just joined with the encouragement of satiric news host Stephen Colbert, who first started Clinton with the Twitter handle @PrezBillyJeff.

Clinton officially introduced the more respectable @billclinton. Launched last week, the former president already has over 500,000 followers.

Barack Obama, who famously would not give up his Blackberry when he got to the White House, rarely is the one tweeting from his account @BarackObama. If he does, the posts are signed ?bo.?

There is one leader who's definitely not a fan. According to Reuters, Brazil's president, Dilma Rousseff, stopped tweeting once she was elected back in 2010. An aide told Retuers, "She thinks it's a total waste of time."

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/lookout/world-leaders-love-twitter-211835156.html

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More bombing victims leave Boston hospitals

BOSTON (AP) ? Boston hospitals say the number of patients being treated for injuries sustained in the marathon bombing continues to drop, two weeks after the attack that killed three and hurt more than 260.

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center said Sunday morning that it has six patients with bombing injuries, down from more than 20 immediately following the April 15 attack.

All six are in good or fair condition.

Beth Israel also treated bombing suspect Dzhohkar Tsarnaev (joh-KHAR' tsahr-NEYE'-ehv) for injuries authorities say he suffered during an attempt to elude police. Tsarnaev was moved Friday to a federal prison medical center.

Nine victims are still at Brigham and Women's Hospital, down from 36 after the bombing. Seven are in good condition.

In all, 26 hospitals have treated people injured in the bombing.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/more-bombing-victims-leave-boston-hospitals-150709620.html

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Samsung Galaxy S 4 drops original TecTile support, requires new TecTile 2

Don't get too attached to that collection of TecTiles if you're upgrading to a Galaxy S 4. AnandTech has discovered that Samsung's newer phone includes an NFC chipset that can't read the older TecTiles, which rely on a less common tag type to register our taps instead of the NFC Forum's standards. Customers aren't being left in a bind, however. Samsung has confirmed that it's about to release a follow-up, TecTile 2, which adheres to the official format while supporting the company's older NFC-equipped phones. The fully modernized tags will be ready sometime in the "coming weeks." That doesn't offer much immediate relief for GS3-to-GS4 upgraders whose TecTile layouts have suddenly been reduced to decorations, but those buyers should at least get the replacements they seek before long.

Filed under: Cellphones, Mobile, Samsung

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Source: AnandTech

Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/04/27/samsung-galaxy-s-4-drops-original-tectile-support/?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=Feed_Classic&utm_campaign=Engadget

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US tries new aerial tools in Caribbean drug fight

A balloon-like craft known as an aerostat is shown attached to the back of the U.S. Navy high speed vessel Swift docked in Key West, Florida, Friday, April 26, 2013. The U.S. Navy on Friday began testing two new aerial tools, borrowed from the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq, that officials say will make it easier to detect, track and videotape drug smugglers in action. (AP Photo/Ben Fox)

A balloon-like craft known as an aerostat is shown attached to the back of the U.S. Navy high speed vessel Swift docked in Key West, Florida, Friday, April 26, 2013. The U.S. Navy on Friday began testing two new aerial tools, borrowed from the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq, that officials say will make it easier to detect, track and videotape drug smugglers in action. (AP Photo/Ben Fox)

Stuart Orozco, flight operator with Aeronvironment Inc., prepares lo launch a UAS (unmanned aircraft system) named Puma from the deck of the U.S. Navy high speed vessel Swift near Key West, Florida, Friday, April 26, 2013. The U.S. Navy on Friday began testing two new aerial tools, borrowed from the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq, that officials say will make it easier to detect, track and videotape drug smugglers in action. (AP Photo/Ben Fox)

U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Sinclair Harris looks at a balloon-like craft known as an aerostat that is attached to the back of his high speed vessel Swift docked in Key West, Florida, Friday, April 26, 2013. The U.S. Navy on Friday began testing two new aerial tools, borrowed from the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq, that officials say will make it easier to detect, track and videotape drug smugglers in action. (AP Photo/Ben Fox)

ABOARD THE HIGH SPEED VESSEL SWIFT (AP) ? Drug smugglers who race across the Caribbean in speedboats will typically jettison their cargo when spotted by surveillance aircraft, hoping any chance of prosecuting them will vanish with the drugs sinking to the bottom of the sea.

That may be a less winning tactic in the future. The U.S. Navy on Friday began testing two new aerial tools, borrowed from the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq, that officials say will make it easier to detect, track and videotape drug smugglers in action.

One of the devices on display aboard the High Speed Vessel Swift is a large, white balloon-like craft known as an aerostat, which is tethered up to 2,000 feet (600 meters) above the ship's stern. The other tool on board for tests in the Florida Straits is a type of drone that can be launched by hand from the deck.

Together, they expand the ability of Navy and Coast Guard personnel to see what's beyond their horizon, according to officials from both military branches and the contractors hoping to sell the devices to the U.S. government.

The devices should allow authorities to detect and monitor suspected drug shipments from afar for longer sustained periods, giving them a better chance of stopping the smugglers. They also should allow them to make continuous videotapes that can be used in prosecutions.

"Being able to see them and watch what they are doing even before we get there is going to give us an edge," said Chief Chris Sinclair, assistant officer in charge of a law enforcement detachment on board the Swift, a private vessel leased to the Navy that is about to begin a monthlong deployment to the southwestern Caribbean, tracking the busy smuggling routes off Colombia and Honduras.

Crews practiced launching and operating both systems before a small contingent of news media on board the Swift, managing to bring back video of vessels participating in a mock surveillance mission as well as radar and video images of the fishing charters and sailboats that dot the choppy seas separating Cuba from the U.S. mainland.

The drone, officially a Puma All Environment unmanned aircraft system from Aerovironment Inc. of Simi Valley, California, splashed into the water on one landing and had to be retrieved. On the second round, it clacked noisily but intact on the shifting deck of the 321-foot ship. Rear Adm. Sinclair Harris, commander of the Navy's 4th Fleet, said the devices are necessary at a time when the service is making a transition to smaller, faster ships amid budget cuts.

The aerostat, formally the Aerostar TIF-25K and made by a division of Raven Industries Inc. of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, is filled with helium. It's an old technology, models of which have been used for decades, but it's packed with cameras and sensors that expand the ship's radar capability from about 5 miles (8 kilometers) to about 50 miles. That can help teams in an on-board control center to identify larger ships, which now would appear as just dots on the horizon, from as far as 15 miles (25 kilometers) away.

The Puma, meanwhile, can be sent out to inspect a vessel flagged by the larger aerostat and give a "God's eye view," of what's happening on board, a job usually handled by a plane or helicopter, said Craig Benson, director of business development for the company.

Both the aerostat and the drone have been used widely by the U.S. government for overseas actions, but Harris and others aboard the Swift said neither has been used before by the Navy to conduct counter-drug operations.

Unmanned aerial devices, however, are not new to the drug fight. U.S. Customs and Border Protection operates 10 Predator drones, including two based in Cape Canaveral, Florida, that patrol a wide swathe of the Caribbean through the Bahamas and down to south of Puerto Rico. It deployed one to the Dominican Republic last year for six weeks and has considered using one in Honduras. The others are used along the northern and southern borders of the United States.

The U.S. military has long been deeply involved in counter-drug operations in the Southern Hemisphere, coordinated by a multi-agency task force based in Key West, Florida. Navy ships and Air Force jets use their radar to track and run down smugglers, though for legal reasons the actual arrests are carried out by the Coast Guard, civilian agencies or officials from other countries.

In March, the military said it would reduce patrols and sorties in Latin America and the Caribbean because of the automatic spending cuts imposed by Congress, another argument for increased use of aerial surveillance devices like the aerostat and drone, officials said.

Representatives on the Swift from both contractors declined to say what their systems cost. But they said each can be run at a fraction of the cost of the fixed-wing planes or helicopters usually dispatched to check out suspected smugglers.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2013-04-27-Caribbean-Drug%20Drones/id-92ccea73924b433a8e4309188acc80f6

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PFT: Jets reportedly?eye?Geno? |? He'll be there

Reuters

For months, it was assumed the Chiefs would take tackle Luke Joeckel with the first pick in the draft.? Last night, the reality become otherwise.

The Chiefs bypassed Joeckel for Eric Fisher, and Joeckel won?t forget it.

?I wanted that first pick but, you know, it didn?t happen. And that definitely puts a chip on my shoulder,? Joeckel told PFT on Thursday night, after he was picked.? ?I?m ready to go work, I?m ready to go prove myself.? It kind of hurts even more that another offensive tackle was taken before me, so I?m ready to go. . . .

?I?ll probably wake up every single day thinking that and when I?m in the weight room . . . when I?m lifting, when I?m out in the field working, you know, that?s my entire goal.? I grew up in a very competitive family, always wanted to be the best.? And you know, going behind another guy in my same position is definitely going to push me.?

It also puts pressure on Fisher.

?Obviously the first pick gets a lot of expectations, a lot of pressure, but I think I perform very well under pressure,? Fisher told PFT on Thursday night.? ?I am somebody to take advantage of pressure situations and make the most of them.? A lot of people will break under their pressure, I?m not that kind of person.? I think any time in my life I?ve had that kind of expectation that I needed to meet, I think I?ve performed very well.?

There?s a chance both will perform well.? There?s also a chance, in theory, of a Peyton Manning/Ryan Leaf dichotomy.

After spending time last night with each guy, our money?s on the former.

Source: http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/04/26/report-jets-want-to-move-up-from-39-eying-geno-smith/related/

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Artificial sense of touch gets smarter, lets robots really feel

The verdict's still out on whether or not androids dream of electric sheep. But their ability to feel? Well, that's about to approach levels of human sensitivity. We're of course talking about the sense of touch, not emotions. And thanks to work out of Georgia Tech, tactile sensitivity for robotics, more secure e-signatures and general human-machine interaction is about to get a great 'ol boost. Through the use of thousands of piezotronic transistors (i.e., grouped vertical zinc oxide nanowires) known as "taxels," a three-person team led by Prof. Zhong Lin Wang has devised a way to translate motion into electronic signals. In other words, you're looking at a future in which robotic hands interpret the nuances of a surface or gripped object akin to a human fingertip and artificial skin senses touch similar to the way tiny hairs on an arm do.

What's more, the tech has use outside of robotics and can even be levereged for more secure e-signature verification based on speed and pressure of a user's handwriting. And the best part? These sensors can be manufactured on transparent and flexible substrates like the one pictured above, which allows for various real-world applications -- just use your imagination. Pretty soon, even robots will have the pleasure of enjoying the touch... the feel of cotton and maybe even hum that jingle to themselves, too.

Filed under: Science, Alt

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Via: MIT Technology Review

Source: Georgia Tech, Science

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Siblings swim 14 hours after their boat sinks

>>> an incredible survival story this morning, an american brother and cyst her to swim for 14 hours after their chartered fishing boat sank during a caribbean vacation. dan and kate were battling a 200-pound marlin in rough seas when large waves swamped their boat. they put on life jackets and abandoned ship eight miles off of st. lucia, spent an entire night in the water worried about sharks before safely reaching shore.

Source: http://feeds.nbcnews.com/c/35002/f/653381/s/2b34f1fd/l/0Lvideo0Btoday0Bmsnbc0Bmsn0N0Cid0C51674276/story01.htm

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Rethinking early atmospheric oxygen

Thursday, April 25, 2013

A research team of biogeochemists at the University of California, Riverside has provided a new view on the relationship between the earliest accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere, arguably the most important biological event in Earth history, and its relationship to the sulfur cycle.

A general consensus exists that appreciable oxygen first accumulated in Earth's atmosphere around 2.4 to 2.3 billion years ago. Though this paradigm is built upon a wide range of geological and geochemical observations, the famous "smoking gun" for what has come to be known as the "Great Oxidation Event" (GOE) comes from the disappearance of anomalous fractionations in rare sulfur isotopes.

"These isotope fractionations, often referred to as 'mass-independent fractionations,' or 'MIF' signals, require both the destruction of sulfur dioxide by ultraviolet energy from the sun in an atmosphere without ozone and very low atmospheric oxygen levels in order to be transported and deposited in marine sediments," said Christopher T. Reinhard, the lead author of the research paper and a former UC Riverside graduate student. "As a result, their presence in ancient rocks is interpreted to reflect vanishingly low atmospheric oxygen levels continuously for the first ~2 billion years of Earth's history."

However, diverse types of data are emerging that point to the presence of atmospheric oxygen, and, by inference, the early emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis hundreds of millions of years before these MIF signals disappear from the rock record. These observations motivated Reinhard and colleagues to explore the possible conditions under which inherited MIF signatures may have persisted in the rock record long after oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere.

Using a simple quantitative model describing how sulfur and its isotopes cycle through the Earth's crust, the researchers discovered that under certain conditions these MIF signatures can persist within the ocean and marine sediments long after O2 increases in the atmosphere. Simply put, the weathering of rocks on the continents can transfer the MIF signal to the oceans and their sediments long after production of this fingerprint has ceased in an oxygenated atmosphere.

"This lag would blur our ability to date the timing of the GOE and would allow for dynamic rising and falling oxygen levels during a protracted transition from an atmosphere without oxygen to one rich in this life-giving gas," Reinhard said.

Study results appear in Nature's advanced online publication on April 24.

Reinhard explained that once MIF signals formed in an oxygen-poor atmosphere are captured in pyrite and other minerals in sedimentary rocks, they are recycled when those rocks are later uplifted as mountain ranges and the pyrite is oxidized.

"Under certain conditions, this will create a sort of 'memory effect' of these MIF signatures, providing a decoupling in time between the burial of MIF in sediments and oxygen accumulation at Earth's surface," he said.

According to the researchers, the key here is burying a distinct MIF signal in deep sea sediments, which are then subducted and removed from Earth's surface.

"This would create a complementary signal in minerals that are weathered and delivered to the oceans, something that we actually see evidence of in the rock record," said Noah Planavsky, the second author of the research paper and a former UC Riverside graduate student now at Caltech. "This signal can then be perpetuated through time without the need to generate it within the atmosphere contemporaneously."

Reinhard, now a postdoctoral fellow at Caltech and soon to be an assistant professor at Georgia Institute of Technology, explained that although the researchers' new model provides a plausible mechanism for reconciling recent conflicting data, this can only occur when certain key conditions are met ? and these conditions are likely to have changed through time during Earth's long early history.

"There is obviously much further work to do, but we hope that our model is one step toward a more integrated view of how Earth's crust, mantle and atmosphere interact in the global sulfur cycle," he said.

Timothy W. Lyons, a professor of biogeochemistry at UCR and the principal investigator of the research project noted that this is a fundamentally new and potentially very important way of looking at the sulfur isotope record and its relationship to biospheric oxygenation.

"The message is that sulfur isotope records, when viewed through the filter of sedimentary recycling, may challenge efforts to precisely date the GOE and its relationship to early life, while opening the door to the wonderful unknowns we should expect and embrace," he said.

###

University of California - Riverside: http://www.ucr.edu

Thanks to University of California - Riverside for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Better Writing For Dummies , Newbies And Caine Prize Winner ...

Writing is a craft, in the hands of a master it becomes an art. ? N. B. Cole

Just because you can speak English doesn?t mean you can write. It is as difficult as learning to play the piano or perfecting a ballet performance. ? James Hall, proffessor of Creative Writing.

There is nothing like the grand, golden, gorgeous semi-orgasmic feeling a writer gets from creating a literary masterpiece. A work that thrills readers, quiets critics and reaffirms the writer?s belief that he has a gift, that she has a gift. In a world where 60 percent of literary journals /magazines are unable or unwilling to pay for published material, applause is the absolute least any writer desires from his efforts. Couple that with the effusive fawning the average writer gets from well meaning friends and family members and most writers find it difficult to believe they are not all that, or not that. Which brings us to the matter at hand, how can we get better when we don?t realise that there is much to do, to learn and to polish before we can truly have a spot among the literary greats? Is it wise to sit in our little bubbles and decide to send out our writing without giving it our best effort? Is it fair on one?s audience or oneself to publish a first draft? Is it sane? If we don?t listen to or indeed encourage honest peer review and critique will we ever get past where we are to where we want to be?

Questions, questions?.questions all of us must answer if we hope to write better, to be better.

Well, today?s gist is not of the philosophical manner and so I will just proceed to the few points I wish to share, hoping that I will be a catalyst in taking your writing from here to there.
So here goes.

1.Set Your Writing Goals.

What do you want to accomplish with your writing? Is it to be a hobby that you treat shabbily while lighter weight talents hone their crafts for national and indeed global honours? Do you want to write just for the gallery? For that select group of people that guzzle up all your offerings without noticing bad pun or verb/pronoun disagreements? If you aim for the latter, then read no further, keep doing things the way you have done them. I assure you there will be no grand or noteworthy happening to disrupt your comfort zone?s workings. If on the other hand you believe that you are talented, that you have have a gift for words and a calling for creating beauty through words and world of beauty then read on. There might be a thing or two for you to glean. Afterall as @chemokopi says there is no end to learning. It is also important to know how much writing you want to do, Are you aiming for two bits of haiku and a drabble or would you rather write seven bestsellers and two poetry anthologies? Knowing how much you want to write and setting time lines to it will go along way in shaping your choices in that regard. Be bold but honest, remember your greatest competitor is your self.

2. Polish Till It Shines.

The first eight drafts are terrible ? Malcolm Gladwell

Every professional writer knows that the first draft is nothing but a warm up. Amateurs however think their first drafts are bursts of heavenly inspiration, words from the gods, pieces of pure literary brilliance that should never be touched or edited. Nonsense. The masters are masters because they have acquired certain skills and they have found out what works and what doesn?t. One thing that definitely doesn?t work is submitting the first string of words you manage to spill out on a piece of paper or on a Word document. To give your writing any chance at all you have to rewrite it. Not once,not twice not even thrice. Then when you have done that get a writer or editor whose opinion you respect to look it over for you. Don?t be satisfied with average, this is the difference between cocoa seeds and chocolate. You might have a great diamond of a story but no one will notice it unless it shines. Remember this -The best writing is not written, It is rewritten over and over again, then edited, by two paid editors ? F.W. Read.

3. Read Your Work Out Loud.

I must confess this was something I learnt fairly recently. It is easy to believe that reading aloud must have died sometime in the junior secondary years and now we can just follow with our eyes silently imbibing the gist of the story/poem. Wrong. Reading aloud helps you experience your story the way a first reader will. It stops your inner voice from interjecting words that aren?t on the page. It also gives you a chance to evaluate the entertainment potential of a piece. Something that is very important in today?s world where the written word is leaping off the page unto the stage through readings and spoken word performances.

4. Learn From The Best.

Every writer has heard the ? read, read, read? rhyme but many writers don?t know what it means. Simply, it means read the work of great writers in the genre that you want to write in. So if you want to write great romance stories then Mills and Boons, Harlequin Romances and @Myne should be regular fare on your shelf. If you are more inclined to poetry then you should keenly study the works of Robert Frost, Maya Angelou, JP Clark and @xikay. Study, don?t copy. As a friend of mine said: When you find a great piece of writing, take it home, pull it apart, study every inch, find out what makes it work then find a way to apply those techniques to your own writing. While studying other peopls?s work, you might find things that you don?t like. That?s fine, just swallow the sugar and throw away the sugar cane pulp.

Avoid poorly written prose and poetry, what you read is what you will write.

5. Write Everyday

It is a tall order, I know, but if you really want to be the village beauty then you have to endure some pain ehn? Okay, crappy proverb, but you get what I mean. Nothing good comes easy, nothing easy ends up good etc etc.To be the best in any field one thing you absolutely must have is commitment. Social scientists have gone even further to describe the 10,000 hours rule. This states that to be a world class expert in any field one needs to have spent at least ten thousand hours studying and practising that skill , craft or trade. So, you can see why this hasty scribbling-stories-for-contests attitude won?t help you. If you want to see your writing celebrated internationally you have to attend to it faithfully ? every month, every week, every day.

Well, I think I have done more than my 20 Cents or 30 Naira worth , ( I know it is not about the money , except for folks like me, but that is another post entirely. Watch out For ?Money For Hand ? The Frustrations Of Asawo Writer? coming soon. ) Please be generous, honest and gentle in the comments section, it is the only way I ll be encouraged to write part two.
What are the things that have made you a better writer? You can share those in the comments section as well . Much love and thanks for reading. Adieu

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Source: http://www.naijastories.com/2013/04/better-writing-for-dummies-newbies-and-caine-prize-winner-wannabees-part-one-4/

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Former government lawyer charged with espionage

By Lawrence Hurley

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. prosecutors on Thursday alleged that a former federal government lawyer helped the Cuban intelligence service recruit a woman who was later sentenced to 25 years in prison for spying.

An indictment filed in 2004 was unsealed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia charging Marta Rita Velazquez with conspiracy to commit espionage for her alleged role in recruiting Ana Belen Montes to the Cuban intelligence service and helping her get a federal government job.

Velazquez and Montes became friends while studying together at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, D.C. in the early 1980s, according to the indictment.

In 1984, Velazquez took Montes to New York, where they met with a Cuban intelligence officer, the government alleged. Velazquez, who the Justice Department said kept in contact with Cuba via encrypted messages, also traveled with Montes to Cuba in 1985, according to the indictment.

Velazquez now lives in Sweden and is unlikely to ever face trial, a federal law enforcement official said. During her government career, Velazquez worked as a lawyer at the U.S. Agency for International Development, where she had top secret security clearance.

Montes, who worked at the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency for 16 years, was arrested in 2001 and later pleaded guilty to an espionage offense. She is still serving her prison sentence.

The indictment against Velazquez was originally filed in 2004 but kept sealed until Thursday.

Velazquez, who is from Puerto Rico, left the United States in 2002 after news of Montes's guilty plea, according to the Justice Department.

A Justice Department official said Velazquez was aware of the charge and that there was no longer any reason to keep the indictment sealed. The extradition treaty between the United States and Sweden does not allow for extraditions for espionage, the official added.

(Reporting by Lawrence Hurley; Editing by Howard Goller and Cynthia Osterman)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/u-announces-espionage-charge-against-former-government-lawyer-211714192.html

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Key cellular organelle involved in gene silencing identified

Apr. 25, 2013 ? RNA molecules, made from DNA, are best known for their role in protein production. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), however, are short (~22) nucleotide RNA sequences found in plants and animals that do not encode proteins but act in gene regulation and, in the process, impact almost all biological processes -- from development to physiology to stress response.

Present in almost in every cell, microRNAs are known to target tens to hundreds of genes each and to be able to repress, or "silence," their expression. What is less well understood is how exactly miRNAs repress target gene expression.

Now a team of scientists led by geneticists at the University of California, Riverside has conducted a study on plants (Arabidopsis) that shows that the site of action of the repression of target gene expression occurs on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a cellular organelle that is an interconnected network of membranes -- essentially, flattened sacs and branching tubules -- that extends like a flat balloon throughout the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells.

"Our study is the first to demonstrate that the ER is where miRNA-mediated translation repression occurs," said lead researcher Xuemei Chen, a professor of plant cell and molecular biology and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Investigator. "To understand how microRNAs repress target gene expression, we first need to know where microRNAs act in the cell. Until now no one knew that membranes are essential for microRNA activity. Our work shows that an integral membrane protein, AMP1, is required for the miRNA-mediated target gene repression to be successful. As AMP1 has counterparts in animals, our findings in plants could have broader implications."

Study results appear today in the journal Cell.

Simply put, DNA makes RNA, and then RNA makes proteins. Specifically, RNA encodes genetic information that can be "translated" into the amino acid sequence of proteins. But noncoding RNAs -- RNAs that do not encode proteins -- are increasingly found to act in numerous biological processes. MicroRNAs are a class of noncoding RNAs whose main function is to downregulate gene expression.

Research on miRNAs has increased tremendously since they were first identified about 20 years ago. In the case of diseases, if some genes are up- or down-regulated, miRNAs can be used to change the expression of these genes to fight the diseases, thus showing therapeutic potential.

MicroRNAs are known to regulate target genes by two major modes of action: they either destabilize the target RNAs, leading to their degradation, or they do not impact the stability of the target RNAs, but simply prevent them from being translated into proteins -- a process known as translation inhibition. The end result of translation inhibition is that the genes do not get expressed. Just how miRNAs cause translational inhibition of their target genes is not well understood.

"We were surprised that the ER is required for the translational inhibition activity of miRNAs," Chen said. "This new knowledge will expedite our understanding of the mechanism of gene silencing. Basically, now we know where to look: the ER. We also suspect it is the rough ER portions that are involved."

Chen explained that the ER has two types: rough and smooth. Rough ER, which synthesizes and packages proteins, looks bumpy; smooth ER, which acts in lipid synthesis and protein secretion, resembles tubes. The ER protein AMP1, she said, is anchored in the rough ER.

"My lab has been conducting research on AMP1 for many years," she said. "And it's this protein that drew our attention to the ER. First, we realized that AMP1 is involved in miRNA-mediated translational inhibition. Then, since we already knew that AMP1 is localized in the rough ER, we shifted our focus to this organelle."

Next, her lab will attempt to crack the mechanism of miRNA-mediated translational inhibition. They will investigate, too, how miRNAs are recruited to the ER.

Chen was joined in the study by Shengben Li (first author of the research paper), Lin Liu, Xigang Liu, Yu Yu, Lijuan Ji and Natasha Raikhel at UC Riverside; Xiaohong Zhuang and Liwen Jiang at the Chinese University of Hong Kong; Xia Cui and Xiaofeng Cao at the Chinese Avademy of Sciences, Beijing; Zhiqiang Pan at the University of Mississippi; Beixin Mo at Shenzhen University, China; and Fuchun Zhang at Xinjiang University, China.

The study was supported by grants to Chen from the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of California - Riverside. The original article was written by Iqbal Pittalwala.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/hP4uiZtvpTo/130425132656.htm

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Forced exercise may still protect against anxiety and stress

Apr. 25, 2013 ? Being forced to exercise may still help reduce anxiety and depression just as exercising voluntarily does, according to a new study by researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder.

Past studies have shown that people who exercise are more protected against stress-related disorders. And scientists know that the perception of control can benefit a person's mental health. But it has been an open question whether a person who feels forced to exercise, eliminating the perception of control, would still reap the anxiety-fighting benefits of the exercise.

People who may feel forced to exercise could include high school, college and professional athletes, members of the military or those who have been prescribed an exercise regimen by their doctors, said Benjamin Greenwood, an assistant research professor in CU-Boulder's Department of Integrative Physiology.

"If exercise is forced, will it still produce mental health benefits?" Greenwood asked. "It's obvious that forced exercise will still produce peripheral physiological benefits. But will it produce benefits to anxiety and depression?"

To seek an answer to the question Greenwood and his colleagues, including Monika Fleshner, a professor in the same department, designed a lab experiment using rats. During a six-week period, some rats remained sedentary, while others exercised by running on a wheel.

The rats that exercised were divided into two groups that ran a roughly equal amount of time. One group ran whenever it chose to, while the other group ran on mechanized wheels that rotated according to a predetermined schedule. For the study, the motorized wheels turned on at speeds and for periods of time that mimicked the average pattern of exercise chosen by the rats that voluntarily exercised.

After six weeks, the rats were exposed to a laboratory stressor before testing their anxiety levels the following day. The anxiety was quantified by measuring how long the rats froze, a phenomenon similar to a deer in the headlights, when they were put in an environment they had been conditioned to fear. The longer the freezing time, the greater the residual anxiety from being stressed the previous day. For comparison, some rats were also tested for anxiety without being stressed the day before.

"Regardless of whether the rats chose to run or were forced to run they were protected against stress and anxiety," said Greenwood, lead author of the study appearing in the European Journal of Neuroscience in February. The sedentary rats froze for longer periods of time than any of the active rats.

"The implications are that humans who perceive exercise as being forced -- perhaps including those who feel like they have to exercise for health reasons -- are maybe still going to get the benefits in terms of reducing anxiety and depression," he said.

Other CU-Boulder authors include Katie Spence, Danielle Crevling, Peter Clark and Wendy Craig. All the authors are members of Monika Fleshner's Stress Physiology Laboratory in the Department of Integrative Physiology.

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Mental Health and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

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Journal Reference:

1. Benjamin N. Greenwood, Katie G. Spence, Danielle M. Crevling, Peter J. Clark, Wendy C. Craig, Monika Fleshner. Exercise-induced stress resistance is independent of exercise controllability and the medial prefrontal cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience, 2013; 37 (3): 469 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12044

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/t1WiQj6G-qk/130425160212.htm

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New fatigue model leads to more durable ships

Public release date: 23-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Heikki Remes
heikki.remes@aalto.fi
358-407-025-268
Aalto University

Heikki Remes, a researcher at the Aalto University in Finland, has developed a model making it possible to determine how fatigue sets in with various welded steel materials. The model allows for the development of lighter structures, and as a consequence, more energy-efficient ships.

- By utilising modern manufacturing technology and new materials, it is possible to achieve more efficient structures than the ones that currently exist. In addition, better physical models are needed to ensure structural strength, Remes says.

At present the fatigue measurements used by classification societies are based on the average quality of the weld. The same design guideline is used both with traditional and more advanced structures. However, through the development of manufacturing technology, it is possible to achieve characteristics for welded joints that are significantly better than average. With the models that have been developed, it is possible to consider the difference between traditional and advanced structural joints and the impact on fatigue resistance.

The study has been published in the International Journal of Fatigue. The findings of the study can be used extensively in establishing models for fatigue endurance of various developed welded steel structures. The goal is to predict fatigue endurance more accurately and to utilise material in the final product more efficiently.

###

The work is linked with a project of the Academy of Finland on fatigue in thin sandwich panel structures and with the BESST EU project to promote the competitiveness of the European shipbuilding industry. Also under preparation are national development projects within the Finnish Metals and Engineering Competence Cluster (FIMECC). The work also supports the national maritime industry research strategy commissioned by the Federation of Finnish Technology Industries.

The research has received funding from the Academy of Finland, Tekes, STX Europe, and the Finnish Maritime Foundation, Light project Finnish Metals and engineering Competence Centre

Further information:

Heikki Remes, D.Sc. (Tech.), Senior University Lecturer
Aalto University, Department of Applied Mechanics
P.O. Box 15300, 00076 Aalto
Tel: +358 407025268
Email: heikki.remes@aalto.fi

Link to images: http://aalto.digtator.fi:80/public/e241a56bc817.aspx

Image captions: The model allows for the development of lighter structures, and as a consequence, more energy-efficient ships.

Link to the academic journal article: http://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S0142112313000856

---

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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 23-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Heikki Remes
heikki.remes@aalto.fi
358-407-025-268
Aalto University

Heikki Remes, a researcher at the Aalto University in Finland, has developed a model making it possible to determine how fatigue sets in with various welded steel materials. The model allows for the development of lighter structures, and as a consequence, more energy-efficient ships.

- By utilising modern manufacturing technology and new materials, it is possible to achieve more efficient structures than the ones that currently exist. In addition, better physical models are needed to ensure structural strength, Remes says.

At present the fatigue measurements used by classification societies are based on the average quality of the weld. The same design guideline is used both with traditional and more advanced structures. However, through the development of manufacturing technology, it is possible to achieve characteristics for welded joints that are significantly better than average. With the models that have been developed, it is possible to consider the difference between traditional and advanced structural joints and the impact on fatigue resistance.

The study has been published in the International Journal of Fatigue. The findings of the study can be used extensively in establishing models for fatigue endurance of various developed welded steel structures. The goal is to predict fatigue endurance more accurately and to utilise material in the final product more efficiently.

###

The work is linked with a project of the Academy of Finland on fatigue in thin sandwich panel structures and with the BESST EU project to promote the competitiveness of the European shipbuilding industry. Also under preparation are national development projects within the Finnish Metals and Engineering Competence Cluster (FIMECC). The work also supports the national maritime industry research strategy commissioned by the Federation of Finnish Technology Industries.

The research has received funding from the Academy of Finland, Tekes, STX Europe, and the Finnish Maritime Foundation, Light project Finnish Metals and engineering Competence Centre

Further information:

Heikki Remes, D.Sc. (Tech.), Senior University Lecturer
Aalto University, Department of Applied Mechanics
P.O. Box 15300, 00076 Aalto
Tel: +358 407025268
Email: heikki.remes@aalto.fi

Link to images: http://aalto.digtator.fi:80/public/e241a56bc817.aspx

Image captions: The model allows for the development of lighter structures, and as a consequence, more energy-efficient ships.

Link to the academic journal article: http://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S0142112313000856

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-04/au-nfm042313.php

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Former chief of staff to break silence on Michele Bachmann (Star Tribune)

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Here Are 3 Internet Marketing Strategies For People On A Tight Budget

NOTE: BayBusinessHelp.com contains both original content and curated content. Curated content? That means we hunt down top business news, articles, blog posts, etc. and present you the info and links to the original posts here. For curated posts, please visit the original sites to read the full articles. Thanks.

If you have little to know budget to invest in internet marketing, don?t let that stop you.

Check out this article called ??by?Warren Wooden and see ways you can market online for little or no money?

?If you are on a tight budget, yet want to get somewhere with internet?marketing?then I have the strategies for you. Where most people fail in internet marketing is they don?t do the necessary steps, simply because they don?t have money. Money changes just about everything and that is why I want to help you save as much of it as you possibly can.

?One thing that you must keep in mind when doing internet marketing is there are many free ways to make a living; however, they normally take longer. The 3 strategies that I am going to talk to you about are actually free, but you can hire somebody to take on this project for you and it actually?doesn?t?cost a whole lot.?

Click here to continue reading and discover the 3 internet marketing strategies you can use on a tight budget on Business2Community.com?

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Scott Aughtmon is a ?business recession solution expert?, a ?content creation expert,? and a speaker. He?s spent over 12 years studying effective marketing and business methods (both online and offline). You can read some of his content marketing articles for ?Content Marketing Institute? here. He?s the author of two e-books called ?How Your Business Can Survive And Prosper In A Recession? in which he interviewed 38 top business, marketing and sales experts and got them to reveal their methods to help business owners survive and prosper in a recession. Scott has also been interviewed on radio shows and asked to share his wisdom to help business owners survive and prosper in a recession. Read more of Scott?s insights on his blog.

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Study identifies 'chink in the armor' of Schmallenberg virus

Thursday, April 18, 2013

A key building block in the Schmallenberg virus could be targeted by anti-viral drugs, according to a new study led from the University of Leeds.

The disease, which causes birth defects and stillbirths in sheep, goats and cattle, was first discovered in Germany in late 2011 and has already spread to more than 5,000 farms across Europe, and 1,500 farms in the UK alone.

There is currently no way of treating infected animals, but a study published in Nucleic Acids Research reports that the Schmallenberg virus nucleocapsid protein, which protects its genetic material, could be its Achilles' heel.

A University of Leeds-led team of virologists and structural biologists used X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy to decipher the three-dimensional shape of the nucleocapsid protein and also show how it builds the inner workings of the virus itself.

Dr John Barr, of the University of Leeds' Faculty of Biological Sciences and co-leader of the study, said: "The protein forms a chain a bit like a necklace that wraps around and protects the RNA, the genetic material of the virus. This chain also recruits other proteins that are vital to the virus' ability to multiply and cause disease. We have developed a very finely detailed picture of the shape of the protein and all the nooks and crannies that it needs to present to other molecules to be able to function."

The nucleocapsid proteins bind together in a ring-like structure of four identical protein units, and the ring is held together by contacts between the protein units, a bit like people holding hands in a circle.

Co-lead Dr Tom Edwards, also from Leeds' Faculty of Biological Sciences, said: "The shape of the nucleocapsid protein has shown us important details of how the individual proteins in these rings are interacting. This not only tells us how the virus works, but importantly we think we can block that interaction and disrupt the process of making the ring. That could be the chink in its armour. It would stop the protein wrapping up the RNA, and would essentially kill the virus. We are now designing small molecules that could block ring formation and could therefore be an effective antiviral drug."

The Schmallenberg virus appears to be spread by midges. It causes a relatively mild illness in adult animals but is responsible for stillbirths and birth defects in cattle, sheep and goats.

The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) believes the disease was probably brought into the UK from infected midges blown across the Channel. It has since spread rapidly, causing severe losses on many holdings across the entire UK. There is new evidence that the Schmallenberg virus can also spread to wild animal populations such as deer and wild boar, raising the possibility that a reservoir of the disease could develop outside the control of farmers and cause problems for many years to come.

Developing a vaccine for the Schmallenberg virus is a possibility. One already exists for the similar Akabane virus, but the discovery by the Leeds-led team is the first step toward developing a treatment that could be used after an animal is infected.

The research was funded by The Wellcome Trust and involved researchers from The University of Leeds, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, The University of St Andrews, The Veterinary Laboratories Agency, and the University of Liverpool. The paper, "Nucleocapsid protein structures from orthobunyaviruses reveal insight into ribonucleoprotein architecture and RNA polymerization," is published in Nucleic Acids Research.

###

University of Leeds: http://www.leeds.ac.uk

Thanks to University of Leeds for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127792/Study_identifies__chink_in_the_armor__of_Schmallenberg_virus

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